{"id":582,"date":"2025-08-08T10:15:55","date_gmt":"2025-08-08T06:45:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/javadonline.com\/?p=582"},"modified":"2026-08-05T11:27:25","modified_gmt":"2026-08-05T07:57:25","slug":"soils-iran","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/soils-iran\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0622\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u200c\u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0686\u0634\u0645\u06af\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0632 \u0686\u0634\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u063a\u0646\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0645\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u0698\u0626\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0644\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0627\u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u06a9 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0634\u06a9 (extra-arid) \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628 (per-humid) \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0631\u0686\u0646\u062f \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u200c\u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u062e\u0634\u06a9\u06cc (Aridity): \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 (modified De Martonne\u2019s classification system)\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u06f6\u06f4\u066a \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u0648 \u06f2\u06f0\u066a \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u200c\u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06f5\u06f0 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0646\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0632\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u06f1\u06f8\u06f0\u06f0 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0631\u0698\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u062a\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 (soil moisture regimes) \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u06a9 (Aridic)\u060c \u0632\u0650\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 (Xeric) \u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 (Ustic) \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc \u0622\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u06a9 (Aquic) \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u067e\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062f\u0645\u0627: \u0631\u0698\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u06a9 (Thermic soil temperature regimes) (\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u06f1\u06f6 \u062a\u0627 \u06f2\u06f2 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0627\u062f) \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06f3\u06f7\u066a \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u06cc\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0648 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0632\u0631 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0631\u0698\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u067e\u0631\u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u06a9 (Hyperthermic regimes) (\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06f2\u06f2 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0627\u062f) \u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u06f3\u06f6\u066a \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u06cc\u062c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0631\u0698\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u06a9 (Mesic) \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u062c\u06cc\u062f (Frigid) \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0698\u0626\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u067e-\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0627 (Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt)\u060c \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0698\u0626\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0634\u062a \u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc (eight structural zones) \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0628\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u06af\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0641\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/zagros-mountains\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"536\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0632\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0633<\/a>: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u062d\u0648\u0636\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0647\u06a9\u06cc \u0648 \u0622\u0648\u0627\u0631\u06cc (calcareous and detrital sediments) \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc (Karst landforms) \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0686\u0634\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0632: \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0646\u06af\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u06af \u0622\u0647\u06a9\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0633\u0646\u06af\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0648\u0627\u0631\u06cc (clastic rocks) \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 <a href=\"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/alborz-mountain-range\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"531\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0632<\/a>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064f\u0633 (loess deposits) \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0636\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06f3\u06f0 \u062a\u0627 \u06f7\u06f0 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u06cc: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0648\u0636\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u06f6\u06f0 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0627 (playa) \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0646 (\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646): \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u0647\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u06a9\u0646\u0647 (alluvial fans) \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc (fluvial terraces) \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u0646\/\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u06a9\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0628\u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0622\u0628\u0631\u0641\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc (parent materials) \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0646\u06af\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0646\u06af \u0622\u0647\u06a9\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 (\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u06af\u0686\u06cc \u0648 \u0634\u0648\u0631)\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0646\u06af\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0644\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0622\u0647\u06a9\u06cc (calcareous)\u060c \u06af\u0686\u06cc (gypsiferous) \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u060c \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0648\u0631 (saline) \u06cc\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc (alkaline) \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b <strong>\u06f5\u06f8\u066a \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06f9\u06f6 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. \u06f4\u06f2\u066a \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u06f6\u06f9 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u00ab\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u062e\u0627\u06a9\u06cc\u00bb \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u067e\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 (badlands) \u0648 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 (\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06f9\u06f7\u066a) \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 (USDA Soil Taxonomy) \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0647 \u0631\u062f\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Entisols) <\/strong>(\u06f4\u06f2\u066a \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9): \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0634\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0628\u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0648\u0648\u0650\u0646\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Fluvents) (\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0634\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f) \u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0646\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Orthents) \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0622\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Aridisols) <\/strong>(\u06f4\u06f1\u066a \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9): \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u200c\u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0645 (\u06a9\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627 \/ Calcids)\u060c \u06af\u0686 (\u062c\u06cc\u067e\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627 \/ Gypsids)\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 (\u0633\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627 \/ Salids) \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0686\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u06f2\u06f7 \u062a\u0627 \u06f2\u06f8 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0634\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af (great groups) \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u067e\u0644\u0648\u062c\u06cc\u067e\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627 (Haplogypsids)\u060c \u0647\u0627\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627 (Haplosalids) \u0648 \u0647\u0627\u067e\u0644\u0648\u06a9\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627 (Haplocalcids) \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0633\u067e\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Inceptisols) <\/strong>(\u06f1\u06f4\u066a \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9): \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0633\u0637\u062d\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0628\u06cc\u06a9 (cambic) \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 (calcic) \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u200c\u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0634\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0632\u0650\u0631\u0650\u067e\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Xerepts) \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u062e\u06cc\u0632\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0631\u062f\u0647 (suborder) \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0633\u067e\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u067e\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Ustepts)\u060c \u0627\u0648\u062f\u067e\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Udepts) \u0648 \u0622\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u067e\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Aquepts) \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06f3\u066a \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Mollisols)<\/strong>: \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u200c\u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u0632\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u06cc \u0648 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u067e\u06cc\u200c\u067e\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06a9 (mollic epipedon) \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0622\u0644\u0641\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Alfisols) \u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Ultisols)<\/strong>: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628 \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0645\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0632\u0631 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Vertisols)<\/strong>: \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9 \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u062a\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u200c\u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u0631\u062e \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0636 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 (shrink-swell properties) \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0635\u06cc\u0642\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u200c\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u062f (slickensides) \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0636 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0633 \u0631\u06cc\u0632\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6ae6113f858cf&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6ae6113f858cf\" class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/usercontent.ir\/soil-map-Iran.jpg\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.2919554082554987;width:571px;height:auto\"\/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u0646\u0642\u0634\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 (\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639: <a href=\"https:\/\/criticalzone.ir\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0646\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u200c\u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0647\u06a9\u06cc\u060c \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062c \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0628\u0627\u0632\u067e\u062e\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0645 (Calcium Carbonate Redistribution): \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0622\u0647\u06a9\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06a9\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0648 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u06cc\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u06af\u0686 (Gypsum Accumulation): \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u0642\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u06cc\u067e\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 (gypsic) \u0648 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u067e\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u067e\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 (hypergypsic) \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u06af\u0686 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0686\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0648 \u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 (Soil Salinization and Alkalization): \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u067e\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u200c\u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u06f1\u06f5\u066a \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0622\u0628 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0633 (\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0648\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \/ Clay Migration \/ Illuviation): \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0647\u06a9\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0631\u062e \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0642\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0631\u0698\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u06a9 (argillic horizons) \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u06af\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0646 (Organic Matter Accumulation and Gleization): \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0645\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0627\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0645\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06af\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0648 \u0634\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0648\u0634\u0648 (eluviation) \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u061b <a href=\"https:\/\/criticalzone.ir\/soil-potentiality-map-iran\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/criticalzone.ir\/soil-potentiality-map-iran\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0646\u0642\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0686\u0634\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632 \u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0648 \u067e\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u062a\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 (Land Degradation): \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 (Soil Erosion): \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0631\u062e \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u06f2\u06f0 \u062a\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u06f9\u06f4\u066a \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0646 (Salinization): \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u06f6.\u06f8 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u062e\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9: \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u06f6\u06f0\u066a \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06f1\u066a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u062e\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0648 \u06a9\u0645\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0646 (N) \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644: \u062c\u0646\u06af\u0644\u200c\u0632\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u0622\u0644\u0648\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0645 (Climate Change): \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0634\u06a9\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0645\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0622\u0628 \u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u06a9\u0645\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0622\u0628 (Water Shortage): \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0645\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0622\u0628 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc (Land-Use Changes): \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a \u06a9\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u060c \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634 \u0648 \u062a\u0647\u06cc\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062a\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u062c \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638\u062a\u06cc (conservation agriculture)\u060c \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u062a\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0686\u0634\u0645\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0698\u0626\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0633\u067e\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u200c\u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0644\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0622\u0644\u0641\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u063a\u0630\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">Roozitalab, M. H., Siadat, H., &amp; Farshad, A. (Eds.). (2018).\u00a0<em>The soils of Iran<\/em>.\u00a0World Soils Book Series. Springer Cham.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-69048-3\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-69048-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-69048-3<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647:<\/strong>&nbsp;\u00ab\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0632\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator aligncenter has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">The provided&nbsp;post, &#8220;Iran&#8217;s Soils: Diversity, Formation, and Challenges,&#8221; explores the remarkably diverse soil resources of Iran, a country primarily characterized by arid and semi-arid conditions but with varied landscapes and landforms. The formation and distribution of these soils are primarily governed by unique environmental factors, including Iran&#8217;s exceptionally varied climate, which ranges from extra-arid to per-humid, with 64% arid and 20% semi-arid regions. Temperature regimes also vary, with Thermic (37%) and Hyperthermic (36%) dominating large areas. Iran&#8217;s geological and geomorphological settings, as part of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt, also profoundly influence soil distribution, featuring the Zagros Mountain Chain with calcareous sediments, the Alborz Zone with sedimentary rocks and loess deposits, and Central Iran with numerous playas. Sedimentary rocks like limestone, marls, and sandstones are dominant parent materials, leading to predominantly calcareous, gypsiferous, and sometimes saline or alkaline soils. Soils cover about 58% of Iran, with the vast majority (around 97%) falling into three dominant orders: Entisols (42%), which are young soils common in alluvial plains and arid regions; Aridisols (41%), characteristic of arid and semi-arid regions and known for accumulations of calcium carbonate, gypsum, or salts, with Iran having one of the largest areas of gypsiferous soils globally; and Inceptisols (14%), showing more development and extensively distributed in semi-arid regions. Other minor soil orders include Mollisols, Alfisols, Ultisols, and Vertisols, found in specific environmental niches. Key soil-forming processes prevalent in Iran include calcium carbonate redistribution, gypsum accumulation, and widespread soil salinization and alkalization, affecting approximately 15% of the country&#8217;s surface area. Despite its potential, Iran&#8217;s soil resources face significant challenges, notably land degradation through water and wind erosion, affecting up to 94% of agricultural land, and salinization, which impacts about 6.8 million hectares. Declining soil fertility, low organic matter content, deforestation, and soil pollution are also major concerns. Climate change, predicting a drier and warmer future, water shortage, and land-use changes further exacerbate these issues. Sustainable management practices, effective national soil policies, increased public awareness, and enhanced research are crucial for preserving these vital soil resources and ensuring the country&#8217;s food security and environmental well-being.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0622\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u200c\u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0686\u0634\u0645\u06af\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0632 \u0686\u0634\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[10],"class_list":["post-582","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sustainability","tag-10"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/582","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=582"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/582\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=582"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=582"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=582"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}