{"id":655,"date":"2025-08-19T23:20:51","date_gmt":"2025-08-19T19:50:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/javadonline.com\/?p=655"},"modified":"2026-08-05T11:27:23","modified_gmt":"2026-08-05T07:57:23","slug":"soil-physical-properties","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/soil-physical-properties\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u06cc \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0634\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 <strong>\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9<\/strong> \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u06af\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0648 \u062c\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0648 \u0622\u0628\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc \u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0647\u200c\u0641\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0647\u0645\u06af\u0646 \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u06af\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0645\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f (Solid Phase)<\/strong> <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0632\u060c \u0641\u0644\u062f\u0633\u067e\u0627\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0641\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0644\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u062a-\u0627\u0633\u0645\u06a9\u062a\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0644\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9 (soil matrix or skeleton) \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0639 (Liquid Phase)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0628 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0644\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 (soil solution) \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u063a\u0630\u06cc \u0648 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0627\u0632 (Gas Phase)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06f7\u06f9\u066a \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0646 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u200c\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06f2\u06f1\u066a \u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0698\u0646 \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u06cc \u0647\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0637\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06f1\u06f0\u06f0\u066a \u0646\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u061b <a href=\"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/soil-physics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0646<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0641 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0647\u200c\u0641\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u062e\u0644<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a (<em>\u03c1<sub>s<\/sub><\/em> | Particle Density)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0646 \u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u200e2600\u20132700 kg\/m\u00b3 (\u06cc\u0627 \u200e2.6-2.7 g\/cm\u00b3) \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0632 \u0646\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0647\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u060c \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u06cc (<em>\u03c1<sub>b<\/sub><\/em> | Bulk Density)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 (\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630). \u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u06cc) \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u200e1 Mg\/m\u00b3 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0644\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0645\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u200e1.6 Mg\/m\u00b3 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u062a\u062e\u0644\u062e\u0644 (\u03c6 | Porosity)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u0644 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0632\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0647 0.3 \u062a\u0627 0.6 (\u06f3\u06f0 \u062a\u0627 \u06f6\u06f0 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f) \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0634\u062a\u200c\u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062e\u0644\u062e\u0644 \u06a9\u0645\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0631\u0686\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0634\u062a\u200c\u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0644\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0636\u060c \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u062a\u062e\u0644\u062e\u0644 \u06a9\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u067e\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0639 (\u03b8) \u0648 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u067e\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0627\u0632 (\u03c6g \u06cc\u0627 \u03b1) \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u062e\u0644 (e | Void Ratio)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u06cc\u0646 0.3 \u062a\u0627 2.0 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0628 (\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u062a)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0646\u06cc (w | Mass Wetness \/ Gravimetric Water Content):<\/strong> \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0622\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u200e105\u00b0C \u062a\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0631\u0645 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u06f2\u06f5\u066a \u062a\u0627 \u06f6\u06f0\u066a \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u067e\u06cc\u062a (peat) \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u06a9 (muck) \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u06f1\u06f0\u06f0\u066a \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u062a \u062d\u062c\u0645\u06cc (\u03b8 | Volume Wetness \/ Volumetric Water Content):<\/strong> \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0622\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f (\u03b8 = w \u22c5 \u03c1<sub>b<\/sub> \/ \u03c1<sub>w<\/sub>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 (S<sub>e<\/sub> \u06cc\u0627 <em>s<\/em> | Degree of Saturation):<\/strong> \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0622\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u062a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f (\u06f1\u06f0\u06f0\u066a) \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0631\u0686\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0645\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0622\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0632\u0647\u06a9\u0634\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u06cc (field capacity) \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-92126d18 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-bottom:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-1 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"color:#000000;background-color:#ececec;padding-top:2em;padding-right:2em;padding-bottom:2em;padding-left:2em\">\n<h2 id=\"single\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-size:40px\">\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 <strong>\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.5\"><strong><strong>\u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628<\/strong> \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc<\/strong> <strong>\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-css-opacity has-background is-style-wide\" style=\"background-color:#000000;color:#000000\"\/>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-normal-font-size\">\n<li>\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0634\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0627<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u0646<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons alignfull is-horizontal is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-7d812b4c wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-text-color has-background no-border-radius wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/soil-physical-properties\" style=\"background-color:#000000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u062a <\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/strong> \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f (\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f &#8220;\u062d\u0633&#8221; \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u2013 \u0632\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0631\u0645) \u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc (\u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a). \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0630\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06cc (Textural Fractions \u06cc\u0627 Separates):<\/strong> \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0633\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f: \u0634\u0646\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0644\u062a \u0648 \u0631\u0633.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0634\u0646 (Sand):<\/strong> \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u200e0.05 \u062a\u0627 \u200e2.0 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0645\u062a\u0631 (\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc USDA). \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062e\u0646\u062b\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u062a (Silt):<\/strong> \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u200e0.002 \u062a\u0627 \u200e0.05 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0645\u062a\u0631 (\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc USDA). \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0646\u062b\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0631\u0633 (Clay):<\/strong> \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u200e0.002 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0645\u062a\u0631 (\u06f2 \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631). \u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0632\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u06cc \u0648 \u062e\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a (Particle Size Distribution):<\/strong> \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a. <strong>\u062a\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc<\/strong> (Mechanical analysis) \u0631\u0648\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u067e\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 (\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0647\u0646) \u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0630\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc (deflocculating) \u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9 (Textural Triangle):<\/strong> \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc USDA \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0644\u062a \u0648 \u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647 <strong>&#8220;\u0644\u0648\u0645&#8221; (Loam)<\/strong> \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u061b <a href=\"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/soil-texture-determination\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/soil-texture-triangle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0648 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06a9:<\/strong> \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u062a\u0631 (<strong>\u062e\u0627\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647<\/strong> \u06cc\u0627 aggregates) \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0622\u0628\u060c \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0622\u0628 \u0648 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0634\u062e\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06a9:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u062a\u06a9\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc (Single-grained):<\/strong> \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f (\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0646 \u0633\u0633\u062a).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc (Massive):<\/strong> \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0648\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0648 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a (\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0633 \u062e\u0634\u06a9\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062e\u0627\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc (Aggregated):<\/strong> \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0644\u0648\u062e\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 <strong>\u067e\u0650\u062f<\/strong>\u0647\u0627\u06cc (peds) \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u200c\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0634\u062f \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f <strong>\u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/strong> (good soil tilth) \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f (\u062e\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0633\u062a\u060c \u067e\u0648\u06a9 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a). \u0627\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u067e\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06a9\u0639\u0628\u06cc (blocky)\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u06cc (prismatic)\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u06cc (columnar)\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc (granular) \u06cc\u0627 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc (platy) \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u062e\u0627\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc (Aggregation):<\/strong> \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0633 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 (Pore Types):<\/strong> \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u062f\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f: <strong>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u200c\u062e\u0627\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc<\/strong> (intra-aggregate pores) (\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f) \u0648 <strong>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u062e\u0627\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc<\/strong> (inter-aggregate pores) (\u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 (Specific Surface Area &#8211; SSA)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641:<\/strong> \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0632\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f (\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f m\u00b2\/kg).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a:<\/strong> \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0622\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0648 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0628\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631:<\/strong> \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0622\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 (\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u0647 \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u062a\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 | Soil Water Retention Curve)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u062e\u0637\u06cc\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 <strong>\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u0622\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/strong> (\u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u060c \u03c8<sub>m<\/sub> \u06cc\u0627 h<sub>m<\/sub>) \u0648 <strong>\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u062c\u0645\u06cc \u0622\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/strong> (\u03b8) \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a) \u0648 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f (\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06a9) \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0645\u06a9\u0650\u0634 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0627 (Air-entry suction\/value):<\/strong> \u0645\u06a9\u0650\u0634 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0622\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0628 \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 (Saturation water content):<\/strong> \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u067e\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647 (\u03b8<sub>r<\/sub> | Residual water content):<\/strong> \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0628 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0645 \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u067e\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f (Hysteresis):<\/strong> \u067e\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0622\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u0634\u062f\u0646 (desorption) \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0646 (absorption) \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0647 &#8220;\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u06cc \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631&#8221; (ink-bottle effect) \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0628\u0627 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc (K | Hydraulic Conductivity)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641:<\/strong> \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0628 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 (K<sub>s<\/sub> | Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity):<\/strong> \u062d\u062f\u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0631\u062e \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0628 \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0631\u062e \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 (\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0634\u062a\u200c\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627) \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 (K(\u03b8) \u06cc\u0627 K(h) | Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity):<\/strong> \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0628 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0628 \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u062f \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u062a \u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0645\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0645\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 (Soil Compressibility):<\/strong> \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0645 (compression) \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u06a9\u06cc\u0645 (Consolidation):<\/strong> \u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0622\u0628 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u062e \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0641\u0634\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc (Compaction):<\/strong> \u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0622\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0641\u0634\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9 (Soil Strength):<\/strong> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u0633\u06cc\u062e\u062a\u06af\u06cc (\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0627\u0631\u06af\u06cc\u060c \u062e\u0631\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646) \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0646\u0634 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062e\u0645 \u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 (Soil Consistency):<\/strong> \u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0686\u0633\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc (cohesion) \u0648 \u062f\u06af\u0631\u0686\u0633\u0628\u06cc (adhesion) \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0634 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0634 \u0648 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06af (Atterberg limits) (\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0639\u060c \u062d\u062f \u062e\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0636) \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 (Soil Tilth):<\/strong> \u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0634\u062e\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0628\u0632 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u0647\u0686\u0647 \u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0631\u0634\u062f \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc:<\/strong> \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0628\u060c \u0647\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647\u06cc \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u063a\u0630\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0686\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc:<\/strong> \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0632\u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0648 \u0632\u0647\u06a9\u0634\u06cc \u0622\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a:<\/strong> \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0641\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u062d\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u06af\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 (\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06af\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc) \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u06cc:<\/strong> \u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0686\u0634\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u06cc\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc (scaling methods) \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 (\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u067e\u06cc \u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0628\u062e\u06cc\u0632) \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0636\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0628 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0686\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u062e\u0634\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 (Representative Elementary Volume &#8211; REV) \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0686\u0631\u062e\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0628 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u063a\u0630\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0622\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647:<\/strong>&nbsp;\u00ab\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0632\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">This article, titled &#8220;The Physical Properties of Soil&#8221;, emphasizes soil as a fundamental natural resource vital for supporting terrestrial life and mediating environmental processes. Understanding its physical properties is crucial for sustainable land management, agricultural productivity, and environmental quality. Soil is described as a heterogeneous, disperse, three-phase system composed of solids (mineral particles and organic materials), liquids (water and dissolved solutes), and gases (primarily air). The article explores fundamental physical properties, including Density and Porosity (particle density, bulk density, porosity, void ratio), Water Content (mass wetness, volume wetness, degree of saturation), Texture and Particle Size Distribution (sand, silt, clay fractions, textural triangle), Soil Structure and Aggregation (arrangement of particles into aggregates, types of structure), Specific Surface Area, the Soil Water Retention Curve (linking matric head and water content, including hysteresis), Hydraulic Conductivity (saturated and unsaturated), and Soil Compressibility and Strength (consolidation, compaction, consistency, tilth). These properties directly influence plant growth, the hydrological cycle, environmental quality, and engineering applications. It is acknowledged that soil properties are highly variable across landscapes, depth, and time, necessitating advanced approaches for study. The comprehensive understanding of these intricate, dynamic, and interconnected physical properties is highlighted as essential for sustainable management practices and sustaining life on Earth.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u06cc \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0634\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[10],"class_list":["post-655","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sustainability","tag-10"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/655","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=655"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/655\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=655"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=655"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drjk.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=655"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}